WEAPONIZING INFORMATION: A STUDY OF DISINFORMATION AND INFORMATION WARFARE BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN

Abstract

The rivalry between India and Pakistan, based on constant tensions over the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir, has shifted from conventional to network-centric warfare, especially information warfare. The modern era is characterised by Fifth-Generation Warfare (5GW), which focuses on the use of non-kinetic instruments, including disinformation, psychological operations, propaganda, and perception management, to influence political will, societal morale, and decision-making without military action. This paper discusses how information warfare is practised as statecraft in South Asia, with a specific focus on how it has shaped the realities, identities, and interests of two nuclear-armed adversaries. Drawing on Social Constructivism, the paper examines how these narratives are constructed and disseminated through algorithmic digital spaces, particularly during the Pulwama crisis of 2019 and the May 2025 conflict. This study used qualitative and analytical methodology to analyse the secondary data sources. Moreover, the case study research design is used to analyse two major cases of information warfare between India and Pakistan. Finally, it provides policy recommendations for how Pakistan should address disinformation, strengthen its digital infrastructure, and enhance its international perceptions.